PDF《许家窑遗址马科动物的死亡年龄》

收稿日期:2016-06-13;

定稿日期:2016-11-22 基金项目:中国科学院重点部署项目 (KZZD-EW-15),国家自然科学基金 (41672024),国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目 作者简介 : 栗静舒 (1988-),女,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所博士研究生,主要从事埋藏学与旧石器时代动物考古 学研究.

E-mail: lijingshu@ivpp.ac.cn Citation: Li JS, Zhang SQ, Gao X, et al. Equine mortality profile analysis of Xujiayao site, China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2017, 36(1): 62-73 DOI: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2017.0006 许家窑遗址马科动物的死亡年龄 栗静舒 1,

2 ,张双权

1 ,高星

1 ,Henry T. Bunn3 1. 中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 100044;

2. 中国科学院大学,北京,100049;

3. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Anthropology,

1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI53706, United States 摘要:普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)和野驴(Equus hemionus)是许家窑遗址动物群中的优势属种.本 文基于对这两种动物牙齿材料的测量与分析,确定了遗址中马科动物的死亡年龄,并对上、下文化层的 死亡年龄分布进行了研究,以期探知古人类获取肉食资源的方式与特点.通过与马科动物在自然生存状 态下以及死于不同原因(如疾病或营养衰竭、食肉动物猎杀、现代人类狩猎等)的年龄结构对比,结果 表明:古人类在许家窑文化早期 (下文化层) 可能通过捡拾自然死亡的动物尸体、 与食肉类动物抢夺猎物、 主动狩猎等多种方式获取马科动物,而在许家窑文化晚期(上文化层)可能以主动狩猎作为获取马科动 物的主要方式. 此外, 古人类在遗址的早期就可能已经具有捕获整个马科动物居群中任意年龄个体的能力, 并能做出最优化判断,有选择地去捕猎脂肪和肉量较高的壮年动物群体. 中图法分类号:Q915.86;

文献标识码 : A;

文章编号:1000-3193(2017)01-0062-12 关键词:旧石器时代;

许家窑遗址;

马科动物;

死亡年龄;

埋藏学;

动物考古学 Equine Mortality Profile Analysis of Xujiayao Site, China LI Jingshu1,2 , ZHANG Shuangquan1 , GAO Xing1 , Henry T. Bunn3 1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044;

2. Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049;

3. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Anthropology,

1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI53706, United States Abstract: Xujiayao site is an early Late Pleistocene site in the Nihewan Basin, China. The Xujiayao faunal assemblage is dominated by Equus przewalskii and Equus hemionus. Evidence from previous analyses of bone surface modifications has only confirmed a behavioral correlation between equids and humans, which is insufficient and ambiguous for determining how people at Xujiayao site acquired these equids. Besides active human hunting, there are two methods of scavenging that can lead to the same analytic results: first-access scavenging from non-predator- ? ?

63 ? related accidents, and early access aggressive scavenging from carnivore kills. This research applies mortality profile analysis to compare Xujiayao'

s data with that drawn from different contexts, including natural live populations, natural deaths, carnivore kills, anthropogenic sites and modern hunters. The results indicate that archaic Homo sapiens at Xujiayao might have used both active hunting and scavenging to acquire equids in the early period of the site, but they mainly used active hunting in the later period, with a tendency to select the prime adults as their active hunting prey. Key words: Paleolithic;