PDF《Curbing Air Pollution and》

Curbing Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Industrial Boilers in China: an analysis and implementation roadmap 解决工业锅炉,减少大气污染及应对气候变化:中国 工业锅炉能效提升及燃料替代的技术经济分析及实施 路线图 ?Bo Shen 沈波 ?Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 美国劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室 ?International Workshop on Coal Cap Strategy | Beijing| Nov 4,

2015 2 Why industrial coal-fired boilers? 解决工业燃煤锅炉的重要性 ? Largest coal-consuming single industrial system最大 的单一工业耗能设备 ? 18% of China's total coal use ? 33% of total soot emissions ? 27% of total SO2 emissions section

01 Heavy air pollution near the China Central Television headquarters building in Beijing, 2014.

Photo Credit: The Guardian. Industrial Boilers: 1.3 GtCO2/yr Country Total CO2 emissions from Energy Use (Gt CO2/yr),

2012 Japan 1.26 Australia 0.42 U.K. 0.49 Germany 0.79 Canada 0.55 India 1.83 U.S.

2025 goal 1.85~1.99

3 Boiler Opportunities Assessment Project Background and Scope 锅炉评估研究的背景和内容 ? Chinese central and city governments actively taking actions to mitigate air pollution and GHG emissions related to industrial boilers: Boiler Action Plan announced in October

2014 ? The U.S. and China are working together on industrial boiler under the framework of U.S. C China Climate Change Working Group ? To understand the landscape and issues related to industrial boilers ? To conduct a comprehensive techno-economic assessment of various options of addressing industrial boilers ? To develop an implementation roadmap with the goal to maximize boiler efficiency improvement and fuel switching opportunities ? To identify potential areas for U.S.-China further collaboration

4 Three Options Assessed 三种解决方案 ?Fuel switch: replacing coal with natural gas, biomass, oil, or electricity 燃料替代 ?Retrofitting existing boilers to improve energy efficiency 提升现有锅炉能效 ?Replacing scattered boilers with a community- scale system 以分布式能源中心取代企业自 营小锅炉提供服务

1 2

3 5 ? The fixed costs do not differ much but operation costs differ significantly due to distinctive fuel prices Fuel switch: replacing coal with natural gas, biomass, oil, or electricity 方案一:燃气、生物质、燃油、电锅炉替代煤锅炉 ? Electric boilers are the most costly option mainly due to the energy conversion losses and higher electricity prices for industrial customers in China. ? Natural gas can be a viable option if its price can be kept competitive ? Electric boilers are not an economical option for a complete replacement of coal-fired boilers, they can be used as a supplementary energy storage during electricity grid off-peak hours when electricity is inexpensive and the use of excess power (e.g., from wind) is desirable.

1 City Chain-grate stoker coal boiler Heavy oil boiler Natural gas boiler Biomass boiler Ningbo 0.11 0.41 0.33 0.30 Xi'an 0.10 0.41 0.25 0.30 ? Biomass can be a good fuel switching option but the focus on biomass- based electrification can make it hard to bring biomass boilers to scale Electricity Prices to Make Electricity Competitive to Other Fuels Costs of Different Types of Industrial Boiler

6 Retrofitting existing boilers to improve energy efficiency 方案2:提升现有锅炉能效 1. excess air management 2. boiler water treatment and descaling 3. insulation of steam piping, valves, fittings, and vessels 4. flue-gas thermal energy recovery 5. condensate recovery 6. compound combustion on chain grate boiler 7. boiler blowdown and recovery of heat from boiler blowdown 8. smart soot-blowing optimization and online slagging warning system 9. recovery of flash steam Fuel prices play an important role in affecting the economic potential of EE measures. Five and six are cost effective in Xi'an and Ningbo, respectively. adopting these measures could create more cost savings in Ningbo than in Xi'an

2 Net cost is derived from annual avoided operating cost of using saved energy due to efficiency gains plus incentives received for pursuing the retrofit minus the annualized investment cost

7 Replacing scattered boilers with a community-scale system (Distributed Energy Center) 方案三:建立分布式能源中心取代企业自建小锅炉

3 Category Indicators 1. Natural gas- based CHP 2.Community- scale coal-fired boilers 3.Community- scale natural gas boilers 4. Self- operated natural gas boilers Thermal to Electricity Ratio: 3.5:

1 Cost (exclude the environmental compliance cost) Net cost* (10,000 RMB) 6976.78 2552.64 6697.66 7515.51 % of the cost of option 4: facilities self-operated natural gas boilers 92.8% 33.96% 89.12% 100% Cost (include environmental compliance cost) Net cost* (10,000 RMB) 7293.74 3435.33 6876.65 7698.56 % of the cost of option 4: facilities self-operated natural gas boilers 94.74% 44.62% 89.32% 100% Cost (with environmental compliance cost and a further reduction of natural gas price by 0.50 RMB/ m3) Net cost* (10,000 RMB) 4910.54 3435.33 5530.91 6322.23 % of the cost of option 4: facilities self-operated natural gas boilers 77.67% 54.34% 87.48% 100%

8 Barriers to improving energy efficiency 能效提升的障碍 ? Lack of comprehensive efficiency standards ? Technologies focus less on boiler energy performance and lack of boiler system-wide solutions ? Lack of good operation practices and effective management for boilers ? Lack of technical capacity in operating boiler systems ? Lack of strong monitoring and enforcement Barriers to fuel switching 燃料替代的障碍 ? Lack of effective boiler phase-out compliance plan and strategies ? Lack of market competition and uncertainty in policies, fuel prices, market risks, and technologies ? Shortage of natural gas supply for industrial gas use and high natural gas prices Barrier to addressing the boiler challenge 解决工业燃煤锅炉的障碍

9 Roadmap to Capturing Opportunities 燃煤锅炉能效提升及燃料替代路线图 ? Taking a holistic approach to addressing coal-fired industrial boilers ? Developing and deploying cost-effective compliance strategies ? Creating enabling policy ? Accelerating technology development and deployment via incentives ? Developing effective standards and guidelines ? Promoting advanced technologies and integrated solutions via implementation of pilots ? Stimulating greater investment via innovative business models and financing mechanisms ? Strengthening enforcement and enhancing its effectiveness via great flexibility ? Enhancing technical support and building strong capacity

10 ? The project is supported by the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Energy Resources under U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 with the Regents of the University of California ? Julie Kim, Sandra Oudkirk and David Vance Wagner of the State Department ? Dr. Jinghao Jiang at China's National Development & Reform Commission ? Officials at the Development & Reform Commissions of Xi'an and Ningbo ? Linjun Li of SolarTurbine ? Nimrod Hou of Cummins ? Miao Pei of Peking University ? Zhang Qi of China Northeastern University ? Xu Mingchao of China Energy Conservation & Environmental Protection Group ? Dr. Li Debiao of Xi'an Boiler Inspection Institute ? Professor Che Defu of Xi'an Jiaotong University ? Wu Yanliang of Xi'an Yinqiao Bio-Tech Ltd. Acknowledgment鸣谢 contact information ?For more info, please contact ?BoShen@lbl.gov Thank you Questions?