PDF《哈民忙哈遗址之石器工具》

收稿日期:2015-02-03;

定稿日期:2015-05-13 基金项目:国家社会科学基金重大项目(12&

ZD191) 作者简介:陈胜前(1972-),男,湖北嘉鱼人,中国人民大学历史学院教授,主要从事史前考古研究.

E-mail: hunter- gatherer@qq.com Citation: Chen SQ,Yang K, Li BS, et al. A study of the stone tools from the Hamminmangha site [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2016, 35(4): 522-536 DOI: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2016.0044 哈民忙哈遗址之石器工具 陈胜前

1 ,杨宽2,李彬森

3 ,朱永刚

3 ,吉平41. 中国人民大学历史学院,北京 100872;

2. 安阳师范学院考古系,安阳 455000;

3. 吉林大学边疆考古研究中心 , 长春 130012;

4. 内蒙古文物考古研究所,呼和浩特

010010 摘要:哈民忙哈遗址以发现大量凌乱堆弃的人骨而闻名,了解当时生产方式、文化生态关系对于了解史 前灾难的原因很有意义.通过石器工具组合的功能分析,可以较清晰地了解到,其石器组合缺乏真正的 农耕工具,当时人们依赖的是一种以狩猎采集兼营农业的生产方式,强调植物根茎与坚果的利用.结合 当时的文化背景与自然环境条件分析,则进一步了解到,哈民忙哈先民利用了一个从前很少利用的农业 边缘环境,他们选择了一种与其经济基础不相宜的集中居住模式,这为史前灾难埋下了祸根. 关键词:哈民忙哈遗址;

石器功能;

方法;

文化生态;

史前灾难 中图法分类号:K871.11;

文献标示码:A;

文章编号:1000-3193(2016)04-0522-15 A study of the stone tools from the Haminmangha site CHEN Shengqian1 ,YANG Kuan2 , LI Binsen3 , ZHU Yonggang3 , JI Ping4 1. School of History, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872;

2. Department of Archaeology, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000;

3. Research Center for Frontier Chinese Archaeology of Jilin University, Changchun 130012;

4. Inner Mongolian Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Relics, Hohhot

010010 Abstract: The Haminmangha site is known for several hundred human skeletons which were messily piled in house pits and scattered in the site. It points towards a disastrous event. To understand the reason for the prehistoric tragedy, it is necessary to study the mode of production and cultural-ecological relationship of the native residents. So far it is not possible to directly draw a conclusion from the studies on the human skeleton remains because of bad conditions of human bones and ongoing preservation plan which prohibits moving any bones off their original positions. Therefore, it is through functional analysis of stone tools that we may break a new path to study these questions. The assemblage of stone tools contains few farming tools. The digging tool, stone pick ? ?

523 ? (originally named Si, a farming tool used like spade), is characterized by a narrow and long form. Its use wear strongly suggests that they were actually using like a hoe on the sandy field. Our experimental study indicates that it is best for digging deep pits about forty centimeters, although it is also workable in other digging activities. In contrast to few farming tools, this assemblage includes a number of diverse tools for food processing, such as the classic toolkit of mortar and pestle, three other types of pestles, as well as nut-cracking tools. These tools are definitely related to diverse food processing activities which especially involve with plant roots and nut fruits. Arrowheads and knives fixed in bone handles that are finely manufactured more likely relate to hunting, and represent a significant part in their economy. The harvesting tools include only one polished stone knife and several shell knives. The existence of these tools correlating with the observation on the grounding tools such as mortar and pestle suggests that food production was probably practiced at the time, but its importance was limited in the economic composition of Haminmangha. Combining with the cultural-historical background and environmental conditions of the site, we can conclude that ancient residents of Haminmangha depended limitedly on farming, but much more on hunting and gathering, especially on the utilization of plant roots and nut fruits. They colonized a very marginal environment for farming, and chose a settlement pattern unmatched with their economic basis. It somehow sowed seeds for the disaster. The case of Haminmangha represented a typically failed adaptation in a marginal environment. When the Hongshan culture collapsed, population seemed to disperse and part of them entered this strange land. Its relatively complex social organization still required a highly concentrated settlement pattern which was very contradictory with the mixed economy that needs a more mobile residential organization. People therefore had to use broad spectrum food resources in their limited territory, and then the tragedy occurred when they used some dangerous resources and got infected by some plague. This research focuses on the stone tool assemblage of one site with a contextual approach. It stresses to understand the utilization of stone tools associated with cultural-ecological relationships. Our goal is not only to determine the function of a type of tools, but to explore the further systematic significance of cultural adaptation. Besides the research on the stone tools, we also recommend this approach in the analysis of lithic assemblages, especially those from the Neolithic sites. Keywords: Haminmangha site;