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1038/nature19766 Autocrine BDNFCTrkB signalling within a single dendritic spine Stephen?C.?Harward1 *, Nathan?G.?Hedrick1 *?, Charles?E.?Hall1 , Paula?Parra-Bueno2 , Teresa?A.?Milner3,4 , Enhui?Pan1 , Tal?Laviv2 , Barbara?L.?Hempstead3,5 , Ryohei?Yasuda1,2 & James?O.?McNamara1 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor TrkB are crucial for many forms of neuronal plasticity1C6 , including structural long-term potentiation (sLTP)7,8 , which is a correlate of an animal's learning7,9C12 . However, it is unknown whether BDNF release and TrkB activation occur during sLTP, and if so, when and where. Here, using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based sensor for TrkB and two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy13C16 , we monitor TrkB activity in single dendritic spines of CA1 pyramidal neurons in cultured murine hippocampal slices. In response to sLTP induction9,14C16 , we find fast (onset?