PDF《Abstract》

10 low 0.62 0.74 B mid ch. sheet

30 low 0.52 0.59 C proximal channel

50 high 0.39 0.42 ? Chevron

2010 Model Architecture Construction ?Compile geometrical information of selected depositional setting ?Construct model architecture based on depositional setting and geometrical constraints ?Establish appropriate depositional setting of reservoir ?Populate architectural framework with sand /non- sand lithology, permeability 4. Property Distributions 1. Generic Depositional Model 2. Analogs 3. Model Architecture ? Chevron

2010 Establish Depositional Setting n A submarine fan depositional setting was selected to model architecture. n The depositional setting of each case was constant areally. n Evaluated a continuum of inner-to-distal fan architectural models. ? Chevron

2010 Architecture Analogs: Skoorsteenburg Fm., Tanqua Karoo Basin, South Africa ? Channel Element ? Channelized Sheet Element ? Channelized Sheet Element ? Unconfined Sheet Element ? Chevron

2010 Construction of Model Architecture n Event-based models C realistic architectures, by a rule-based forward geostatistical method developed in Chevron. (Pyrcz et al., 2006) Simple Inputs Simple Rules Realistic Architecture ? Chevron

2010 Sand C No-sand Training Images Derived from Architecture Models n A. Architecture model having channel (blue- green) and sheet elements (orange-red) in submarine fan setting. n B. Channel-dominant training image for sand C no-sand modeling in proximal fan settings. n C. Sheet dominant training imaged for sand C no-sand modeling in more distal fan settings. A B C ? Chevron

2010 Petrophysical Properties PHIT Distribution Porosity Model Permeability Model ? Chevron

2010 Streamline simulation Flow Capacity C Storage Capacity(F- PHI) and Lorenz Coefficient h(ft) K(md) j Kh jh F C

0 0

5 500 0.25

2500 1.25 0.7654 0.33

5 100 0.2

500 1 0.9077 0.6

5 50 0.25

250 0.75 0.9834 0.8

5 10 0.1

50 0.5 0.9985 0.933

5 1 0.05

5 0.25

1 1

3305 3.75 Modified from Shook and Mitchell, 2009, SPE

124625 and references therein

0 0.25 0.5 0.75

1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75

1 Storage Capacity, PHI Flow Capacity, F F-F curve for VDP = 0.98. Note ~99% of the flow comes from 25% of the pore volume F-PHI curve for VDP =

0 (homogeneous displacement). Each layer has same pore volume, same volumetric flow. FHI for VDP = 0.7. F=0.72;

F = 0.28, so FHI=2.57 F-F curve for VDP = 0.7. Flow Capacity, F

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 Storage Capacity, PHI ÷ ÷ ? ? ? ? è ? - F = ò

1 0

5 .

0 2 Fd Lc Flow Capacity C Storage Capacity Lorenz Coefficient Dynamic Lorentz coefficent C computed from streamline data ? Chevron

2010 Streamline Workflow ?Run Streamline simulation on models at selected well patterns and spacing ?Read attributes pertinent to fluid flow from streamline data ?Convert static property models to format required for streamline simulation ?Analyze streamline attributes and select appropriate models for detailed flow simulation 4. Compile Results and Select Models 1. Export Models to Simulator Format 2. Run Streamline Simulations 3. Read Streamline Information ? Chevron

2010 Streamline Analytical Procedure n Generic simulation deck contains

3 include statements for property grid and well information. n Run a streamline simulation for a few time steps. n No transients;

steady state (volume replacement) n Read streamline volumetric flow rate and time of flight. n Compute pore volume represented by each streamline n Calculate Dynamic F-F curve and Lorenz coefficient (heterogeneity indicator;