PDF《metabolic syndrome rats》

RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Effects of red pitaya juice supplementation on cardiovascular and hepatic changes in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome rats Nurul Shazini Ramli1 , Lindsay Brown2 , Patimah Ismail3 and Asmah Rahmat1* Abstract Background: The fruit of Hylocereus polyrhizus, also known as red pitaya, and buah naga in Malay, is one of the tropical fruits of the cactus family, Cactaceae.

Red pitaya has been shown to protect aorta from oxidative damage and improve lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic rats probably due to phytochemicals content including phenolics and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in cardiac stiffness, hepatic and renal function in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced obese rats following supplementation of red pitaya juice. Methods: Total

48 male Wistar rats were divided into

4 groups: corn-starch group (CS), corn-starch + red pitaya juice group (CRP), high-carbohydrate, high fat group (HCHF) and high-carbohydrate, high fat + red pitaya juice (HRP). The intervention with 5% red pitaya juice was started for

8 weeks after

8 weeks initiation of the diet. Heart function was determined ex vivo with Langendorff hearts while plasma liver enzymes, uric acid and urea were measured using commercial kits. Total fat mass was determined with Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. Glucose uptake was measured with Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Liver and cardiac structures were defined by histology. Results: Supplementation of red pitaya juice for

8 weeks increased energy intake and abdominal circumference but no change in body fat and lean mass respectively. Also, there were a trend of uric acid and glucose normalization for HRP as compared to H-fed rats. Red pitaya juice treatment reduced ALP and ALT but caused significant increment in AST. Diastolic stiffness of the heart was reduced after supplementation of red pitaya juice in corn starch fed rats. However, the reduction was not significant in HRP rats in comparison with H rats. Conclusion: The present study concluded that red pitaya juice may serve as a complimentary therapy for attenuating some signs of metabolic syndrome. Keywords: Red pitaya juice, Metabolic syndrome, High-carbohydrate high-fat diet Background Overweight and obesity are dramatically on the rise in re- cent decades. According to WHO [1], obesity contributed to double burden of diseases particularly diabetes (44%), ischemic heart diseases (23%), and certain types of cancer (7-41%). This is due to the metabolic abnormalities cre- ated by excessive fat accumulation like abnormalities of lipid in the blood, hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance, among which are the common features of meta- bolic syndrome [2]. In patients with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance results in the impaired insulin activities in tissues like muscle, liver, kidney and fat leading to increase oxidative stress, pro-coagulant/anti-fibrinolytic and chronic pro-inflammatory state coupled with platelet hyper-aggregality [3]. Available evidences suggested the use of dietary intervention as an integral part of future approaches to prevent and treat obesity and its meta- bolic consequences [4]. Hence, this study focuses on * Correspondence: asmah@upm.edu.my

1 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang

43400 UPM, Malaysia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article ?

2014 Ramli et al.;

licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Ramli et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014, 14:189 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/14/189 cardiovascular and hepatic system as they are the ultimate consequences of obesity. Diet-induced metabolic syndrome was found to be the closest model that at least shares the similar ethologic, and hence more representative of human pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. Human consume high amount fat and carbohydrate like sucrose and fructose in their diet. Panchal et al. [5] studied the remodelling effect of high- carbohydrate high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats using condensed milk (39.5%), beef tallow (20%), and fructose (17.5%) with 25% fructose in drinking water and found that rats developed cardiovascular, metabolic, renal, hep- atic and pancreatic changes. The complications includes obesity, increased fat accumulation in abdominal region, hypertension, insulin resistant, and impaired cardiac function, endothelial dysfunction as well as inflammation. Hence, it can be seen that a combination of high carbohy- drate and high fat diet produce a more human-like model. This study only utilized male rats to avoid the influence of the oestrus cycle on food intake which may affect the diet- induced model [6]. Consumption of fruits and vegetables has long been linked to the prevention of oxidative stress related dis- eases like diabetes mellitus, cancer, heart disease, obesity and micronutrient deficiencies [7-10]. Eating fruits and vegetables can ensure the adequate supply of micronu- trients, dietary fibers and phytochemicals which in turn maintain the body in a healthy state [11]. However, it is not clear which specific fruits and vegetables are most protective against certain diseases. Only few studies have examined the effect of specific fruits or juices on meta- bolic syndrome risk factors. A large prospective cohort study for 10.2 years on Swedish men and women found significantly inverse association of only apples, pears and green leafy vegetables with stroke [12]. Not all fruits are created equal particularly in terms of their phytonutrient contents which might influence their biological properties, and hence their efficacy in relation to specific diseases. The fruit of Hylocereus polyrhizus, also known as red pitaya, and buah naga in Malay, is one of the tropical fruits of the cactus family, Cactaceae. Polyphenols in........