PDF《Making the Most Out of Manure》

Making the Most Out of Manure 最大化利用粪污 Wendy Powers Professor 教授 Michigan State University 密歇根州立大学 June 24-25,

2015 U.

S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium Manure is a valuable product from the dairy 对于牧场来说,粪污是一个有价值的产品 ? Important source of nutrients for the farm ? 是牧场重要的营养来源 ? Challenge 挑战 ? Added layer of management to prevent manure from becoming a waste ? 更多的管理以防止粪污变成一种废弃物 ? Can become an enterprise separate from milk production (herd management) 可变成一个与牛奶 生产(牛群管理)分开的一个企业. June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium On-farm uses of manure 粪污在牧场的使用 ? Crop nutrient and soil amendment 作物的营 养成分和土壤改良 ? On-farm energy use 牧场的能源使用 ? Bedding material 卧床垫料 June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium Off-farm manure uses 牧场外的粪污利用 ? Fertilizer and soil amendment 化肥和土壤改良 ? Forests, fields, horticultural products 森林,农田和 园艺产品 ? Off-farm energy 牧场外的能源 ? Generated on-farm and sold to grid 牧场自己发电, 并销售至电网 ? Manure relocated off-farm for energy production ? 粪污运输至牧场外,并用于发电 June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium Anaerobic digestion 厌氧发酵 ? Diluted manure (1 part water:

2 parts manure) 稀释粪污(水: 粪污=1:2) ? Plug flow digester design ? 塞流式沼气池的设计 ? Dilute manure 稀释粪污 ? With solids removal C 1:1 dilution ? 移走固体- 1:1 稀释 ? Fixed film digester, CSTR 固定膜沼气池 ? Without solids removal C requires greater dilution water (flush lane, milk house water if allowed by law) 无需移走固体-需要大量的水来稀释(冲洗管道, 如果法律允许的话, 奶厅的水) ? Earthen storage with floating cover, fixed film, CSTR ? 有浮顶的地面贮存池,使用固膜 June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium Challenges with anaerobic digestion 厌氧发酵的挑战 ? Level of management needed for success ? 成功所需的管理水平 ? Fixed costs - $$$$ ? 大量的固定成本投入 ? Maintenance costs - $ ? 维持成本 June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium Anaerobic digestion opportunities 厌氧发酵的机会 ? Recovery of costs through offset of utility bills ? 通过对公用事业费用抵消成本回收 ? Most promising for dairy farms running a parlor

24 hr/d ? 许多有前景的牧场奶厅都是每天24小时运转 ? Potential for grants or other investment assistance ? 潜在的补助金或其他投资援助 ? Community digesters offer promise ? 沼气池群提供承诺 ? Transfer expertise requirement to a third party ? 传递专业知识需求给第三方 ? Greater potential to incorporate food wastes 更大的消纳粮食废弃物的潜力 ? Increased digester efficiency 增加沼所池的效率 June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium Hilarides Dairy, California Michigan State University dairy farm digester 密歇根州立大学奶牛场的沼气池 ? Dairy manure plus cafeteria waste ? 牛粪加上自助餐厅的废弃物 ?

20 to

30 day retention time ? 20-30天的保留时间 ? 450,000 gallons 45万加仑 ? 17,000 tons waste = 2.8 million kwh with 20% used to heat digester 1.7万吨废弃物=280万千瓦时,20% 用于加热沼气池 ? $5 million investment 500万美元的投资 June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium Wet gasification 湿法气化 ? Drying not necessary 干燥不是必需的 ?

72 hour after incorporation 在追肥后的72小时以后 June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium Balancing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) 平衡氮和磷 ? Typical plant needs (Midwestern US) ? 典型的作物需求(美国中西部) June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium N氮 P磷 P2O5 N:P2O5 氮:五氧化二 磷Source 来源 As-excreted dairy manure 0.99 0.17 0.39 2.54 ASABE D384.2 Crop needs 作物需求 Corn 玉米 (12.55 metric tons/ha 12.55吨/公顷) 0.75 0.33 2.27 Ward Laboratories;

Kearney, NE Soybeans 大豆 (3.77 metric tons/ha 3.77吨/公顷) 3.6 0.77 4.68 Ward Laboratories;

Kearney, NE Balancing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) 氮和磷的平衡 ? Typical losses during storage 在贮存过程中的养分流失 June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium Under floor pit* From Midwest Plan Service 18, 2005. Balancing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) 氮和磷的平衡 ? Typical losses

4 days following application 施用4天后的养分流失 June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium From Midwest Plan Service 18, 2005. Nutrient balance without solid/liquid separation 未固液分离的养分平衡 ? Conserve N (minimize losses during storage and application) 氮的保存(在贮存和施用的过 程中,把养分的流失降至最低) ? Permeable covers 可渗透的覆盖物 ? Impermeable covers 不可渗透的覆盖物 ? Under building storage 地下的贮存 ? Acidification??? 酸化? June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium From Burns et al., 2006. Iowa State University Animal Industry Report. AS Leaflet R2120. Conceptual schematic of the proposed phosphorus recovery process 磷回收工艺的概念图 Manure as a nutrient source 粪污作为一种养分来源 ? Emphasis on N and P content 强调氮和磷的含量 ? Organic matter improves soil quality, ability of soil to hold moisture 有机物改善土壤质量,土壤保持水分的能力 ? Especially important where nutrient applications are followed by rainfall or irrigation 尤其重要的是, 养分在降雨或灌溉后施用 ? Micronutrients further improve soil health ? 微量元素进一步提高土壤健康 ? Microbial communities 微生物群落 June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium Conclusions 结论 ? Avoid losing valuable nutrients from manure during storage and land application 在粪污贮 存和还田过程中,避免损失有价值的养分 ? Opportunities are out there to make manure a value-added product from the dairy farm ? 有机会使牧场的粪污变成增值的产品 ? Additional management necessary 需要额外的管理 ? Capital investment also needed 也需要资本的投资 June 24-25,

2015 U.S. Grains Council Dairy Feed and Forage Symposium